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Publication Type:

Journal Article

Source:

Geoscience Canada; Volume 39, Number 3 (2012)Geoscience Canada; Volume 39, Number 3 (2012) (2012)

Abstract:

Earth scientists have long known of the existence of black coatings on exposed rocks in smelter-impacted areas such as Sudbury, Ontario or Rouyn-Noranda, Québec. Black rock coatings in the Greater Sudbury area are remarkable geological records of atmospheric conditions, including mixing, scavenging, and oxidation processes, deposition rates, and the nature and source of anthropogenic releases to the atmosphere. The coatings are composed of an amorphous silica matrix that has trapped atmosphere-borne nanoparticles and has preserved their chemical and isotopic signature. These coatings are the product of high emissions of SO2 and subsequent non-stoichiometric dissolution of exposed siliceous rocks. The coatings contain spherical smelter-derived Cu–Ni-oxide particulate matter (micrometre and nanometre-sized) and metal-sulphate rich layers composed of nanometer aggregates of Fe–Cu sulphates. Lead, As, and Se-bearing nanoparticles emitted from smelters are incorporated in metal-sulphate-rich layers along the atmosphere-coating interface, presumably during coating formation. On a regional scale, ratios between different metal(loid)s in the coatings indicate that small diameter primary Pb, As and Se-bearing sulphate aerosols have been deposited at higher rates compared to larger, Ni-bearing particulate matter. High sulphur isotope values in coatings closer to smelting centres and their decrease with distance from the smelters is attributed to an increase in mixing of primary and secondary sulphates.   SOMMAIRE Les géoscientifiques connaissent depuis longtemps l’existence d’une couche noire sur les roches exposées aux abords des fonderies comme celles de Sudbury en Ontario ou Rouyn-Noranda au Québec.   Les couches noires des roches de la grande région de Sudbury constituent de remarquables enregistrements géologiques des phénomènes atmosphériques, notamment des processus de mélange, de piégeage, et d'oxydation, ainsi que des taux de sédimentation et de la nature et de l’origine des rejets anthropiques dans l'atmosphère.   Ces couches noires sont constituées d'une matrice de silice amorphe qui a piégé des nanoparticules atmosphériques et conservé leur signature chimique et isotopique.  Ces couches noires sont le produit de fortes émissions atmosphériques de SO2 et d’une dissolution non-stœchiométrique subséquente des roches siliceuses exposées.  Ces couches noires contiennent des sphérules de particules atmosphériques d’oxydes de Cu-Ni (de taille micrométrique et nanométrique) issues de la fonderie, et des couches riches en sulfate de métaux constituées d’agrégats nanométriques de sulfates de Fe-Cu.   Les nanoparticules de plomb, d’As et de Se émises par les fonderies sont incorporées dans les couches riches en sulfate de métal à l'interface de l’atmosphère et de cette couche, probablement lors de la formation de cette couche.  À l’échelle régionale, les rapports de concentration des différents métaux ou métalloïdes dans les couches noires indiquent que les aérosols de faible diamètre de sulfate de Pb, d’As et de Se primaires ont été déposés à des taux plus élevés que les particules nickélifères de plus grande dimension.  Les valeurs plus élevées des isotopes du soufre observées dans les couches à proximité des fonderies et leur diminution en fonction de l’éloignement des fonderies sont attribuées à une augmentation du mélange entre sulfates à l’émission et post-émission.


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